BBN3402SATU2020: MINGGU4 PRAKATA & BAB 1

 

                       M4 TERJEMAHAN PRAKATA & (BAB 1)

         

                         

                

NURNINA YUSRINA BINTI M.RADZY@YUSMAN        SABRINA BINTI ABDULKADIR

(197423)                                                         (199265)

 

PRAKATA

Buku “Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi” ini merupakan buku yang mengandungi teori serta diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan. Penyelidikan meliputi kajian lirik lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan. Buku ini mengandungi dua bahagian, iaitu kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Kedua-dua bahagian berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang kajian wacana iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana. Bab 2 pula menjelaskan tentang teori dan pendekatan wacana.Terdapat beberapa teori dan pendekatan wacana yang dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis. Bab 3 pula menganalisis tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual lirik lagu, wacana tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Setiap kajian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang diperkenalkan buku ini. Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi komunikasi. Pengenalan meliputi kajian-kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi. Bab 5 pula membincangkan beberapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi. Senarai taksonomi dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan. Bab 6 mengandungi kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Interaksi dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi komunikasi yang terkini. Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Diharapkan buku ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NO	TEKS ASAL	Mesin Google Translate	Track Changes	Teks Bersih
1	PRAKATA Buku “Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi” ini merupakan buku yang mengandungi teori serta diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan.	PREFACE This book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is a book in the form of theory and applied in the form of research.	PREFACE This The book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is a book in the form of theory and applied in the form of research.	PREFACE The book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is a book in the form of theory and applied in the form of research.
2	Penyelidikan meliputi kajian lirik lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan.	Research covers the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation.	Research covers the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in the conversation.	Research covers the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in the conversation.
3	Buku ini mengandungi dua bahagian, iaitu kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi.	This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and communication strategies.	This book contains two parts, namely which is the study of discourse and communication strategies.	This book contains two parts, which is the study of discourse and communication strategies.
4	Kedua-dua bahagian berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan.	The two parts are closely related to each other as they involve verbal communication, interaction, text and writing.	The two parts are closely related to each other as they involveinvolved  verbal communication, interaction, text and writing.	The two parts are closely related to each other as they involved verbal communication, interaction, text and writing.
5	Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang kajian wacana iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana. Bab 2 pula menjelaskan tentang teori dan pendekatan wacana.	Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse that is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains about the theory and approach of discourse.	Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse that which is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains about the theory and approach of the discourse.	Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse which is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains about the theory and approach of the discourse.
6	Terdapat beberapa teori dan pendekatan wacana yang dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis.	There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely discourse analysis and critical discourse.	There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely named of discourse analysis and critical discourse.	There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely named of discourse analysis and critical discourse.
7	Bab 3 pula menganalisis tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual lirik lagu, wacana tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan kanak-kanak.	Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse discourse among children.	Chapter 3 analyzes analyse three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse discourse utterance among children.	Chapter 3 analyse three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse utterance among children.
8	Setiap kajian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang diperkenalkan buku ini. Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi komunikasi. Pengenalan meliputi kajian-kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi.	Each study was analyzed using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced by this book. Chapter 4 contains an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction covers studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use communication strategies.	Each study was analyzed analysed using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced by this book. Chapter 4 contains an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction covers the studies on communication strategies that related to the utterances and interactions that use communication strategies.	Each study was analysed using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced by this book. Chapter 4 contains an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction covers the studies on communication strategies that related to the utterances and interactions that use communication strategies.
9	Bab 5 pula membincangkan beberapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi. Senarai taksonomi dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan. Bab 6 mengandungi kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak.	Chapter 5 discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children.	Chapter 5 discusses discuss some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among the children.	Chapter 5 discuss some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among the children.
10	Interaksi dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi komunikasi yang terkini. Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Diharapkan buku ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi.	Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. It is hoped that this book can help researchers in conducting research on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.	Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed analysed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. It is hoped hope that this book can help researchers in conducting research on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.	Children's interactions and utterances are analysed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. It is hope that this book can help researchers in conducting research on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.

The book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application" is a book in the form of theory and applied in the form of research. Research covers the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in the conversation. This book contains two parts, which is the study of discourse and communication strategies. The two parts are closely related to each other as they involved verbal communication, interaction, text and writing. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse which is the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 also explains about the theory and approach of the discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed namely named of discourse analysis and critical discourse. Chapter 3 analyse three discourse studies related to the textual discourse of song lyrics, textual discourse of social stories and discourse utterance among children. Each study was analysed using the theory and discourse analysis approach introduced by this book. Chapter 4 contains an introduction to communication strategies. The introduction covers the studies on communication strategies that related to the utterances and interactions that use communication strategies.  Chapter 5 discuss some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among the children. Children's interactions and utterances are analysed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. It is hope that this book can help researchers in conducting research on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

M4 TERJEMAHAN PRAKATA & BAB 1

 

                  


                                                                                                 

 

                                                       

                                   

                

NURNINA YUSRINA BINTI M.RADZY@YUSMAN          SABRINA BINTI ABDUL KADIR           

                                              (197423)                                                                (199265) 

 

BAB 1

 KAJIAN WACANA

Wacana merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur-unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam berkomunikasi (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan fikiran dan melebihi batas ayat. Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada tingkat yang tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat.

      Wacana mengandungi sistem komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu, wacana juga boleh diistilahkan melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang.  Namun, wacana seharusnya mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi situasi yang dikaitkan dengan ayat tersebut. Justeru, wacana dapat difahami dengan baik oleh seseorang.  Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan, ujaran, ucapan, pertuturan dan percakapan.  Selain itu, wacana juga dilihat dari aspek penulisan yang ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah, akhbar, makalah dan segala bentuk tulisan.  Di dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, wacana dapat dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik.  Seseorang individu itu mengadakan perbincangan berbentuk ilmu, pengalaman, penceritaan dan sebagainya.  Kesatuan fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato, khutbah, debat, syarahan, perbualan dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat, artikel, novel, cerpen, puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan difahami dengan lebih baik melalui pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk sastera.

Hawthorn (1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil kira tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran.  Definisi wacana dapat dilihat dari pelbagai aspek.  Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk pada hubungan konteks sosial dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistik pula, wacana adalah unit bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat.  Fowler (1991) mengatakan bahawa wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada titik pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya.

Brown & Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistik harus diterapkan bagi tujuan analisis wacana.

Berikut adalah antara beberapa definisi wacana:

Sumber	Definisi Wacana
Edmonson (1981)	Wacana adalah suatu peristiwa berstruktur yang dimanifestasikan dalam perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya.
Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat)	Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan kesatuan, ucapan, pertuturan, percakapan, dan perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan. la juga merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan.
Asmah Haji Omar (1986)	Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi.
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)	Wacana adalah unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat iaitu boleh terdiri daripada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan sebagainya yang dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berturutan. Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satu satuan bahasa yang lengkap.
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)	Wacana adalah bahasa yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau penulis. Bahasa yang ditutur serta ditulis mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar atau pembaca.
Stubbs (1983)	Wacana dapat dilihat melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difahami oleh pendengar dan pembaca.
Brown & Yule (1983)	Wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik.
Halliday & Hassan (1985)	Wacana terdiri daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan atau tulisan (tidak kira panjang atau pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan.
Normaliza Abd Rahim(2018b)	Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang dianalisis bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat. Wacana juga meliputi bahasa simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua pihak yang terlibat.

 

RUMUSAN

Definisi wacana dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas. Pemahaman setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah apabila seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan. Malah, akan lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan teliti.

 

 

NO	TEKS ASAL	Mesin Google Translate	Track Changes	Teks Bersih
1	BAB 1  KAJIAN WACANA Wacana merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur-unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam berkomunikasi (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan fikiran dan melebihi batas ayat. Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada tingkat yang tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat.	CHAPTER 1 DISCOURSE STUDY Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, i.e. present after the sentence level.	CHAPTER 1 DISCOURSE STUDY Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that iswhich is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, i.e.which is present after the sentence level.	CHAPTER 1 DISCOURSE STUDY Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, which is present after the sentence level.
2	Wacana mengandungi sistem komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu, wacana juga boleh diistilahkan melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang.  Namun, wacana seharusnya mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi situasi yang dikaitkan dengan ayat tersebut. Justeru, wacana dapat difahami dengan baik oleh seseorang.  Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan, ujaran, ucapan, pertuturan dan percakapan.  Selain itu, wacana juga dilihat dari aspek penulisan yang ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah, akhbar, makalah dan segala bentuk tulisan.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech, speech and conversation. In addition, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers and all forms of writing.	Discourse contains a system of communication communication system between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. Someone’s writing and reading. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated the situations contain that associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one someone. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech lecture, speech and conversation. In addition, discourse is also seen  can be seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers and all forms of writing.	Discourse contains a communication system between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through someone’s writing and reading. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as the situations contain that associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by someone. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, lecture, speech and conversation. In addition, discourse is also can be seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers and all forms of writing.
3	Di dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, wacana dapat dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik.  Seseorang individu itu mengadakan perbincangan berbentuk ilmu, pengalaman, penceritaan dan sebagainya.  Kesatuan fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato, khutbah, debat, syarahan, perbualan dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat, artikel, novel, cerpen, puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan difahami dengan lebih baik melalui pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk sastera.	In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works. .	In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether  either in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works. .	In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind either in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works.
4	Hawthorn (1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil kira tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran.  Definisi wacana dapat dilihat dari pelbagai aspek.  Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk pada hubungan konteks sosial dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistik pula, wacana adalah unit bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat.  Fowler (1991) mengatakan bahawa wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada titik pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya.	Hawthorn (1992) put forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication seen that can be seen as an exchange between speaker and listener taking into account emphasize the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen from various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values ​​and categories found in it.	Hawthorn (1992) put forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication that can be seen as an exchange between speaker and listener emphasize the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen from various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values ​​and categories found in it.
5	Brown & Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistik harus diterapkan bagi tujuan analisis wacana.	Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.	Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.	Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.
6	Berikut adalah antara beberapa definisi wacana: Edmonson (1981) - Wacana adalah suatu peristiwa berstruktur yang dimanifestasikan dalam perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya. Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat)- Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan kesatuan, ucapan, pertuturan, percakapan, dan perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan. la juga merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan.	Here are some definitions of discourse: Edmonson (1981) - Discourse is a structured event manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language or other. Board Dictionary (Fourth Edition) - Discourse is the whole of speech which is unity, speech, speech, conversation, and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.	Here are some definitions of discourse: Edmonson (1981) - Discourse is a structured event manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language or other. Board Dictionary (Fourth Edition) - Discourse is the whole of speech which is unity union, speech lecture, speech, conversation, and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether either in oral or written form.	Here are some definitions of discourse: Edmonson (1981) - Discourse is a structured event manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language or other. Board Dictionary (Fourth Edition) - Discourse is the whole of speech which is union, lecture, speech, conversation, and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought either in oral or written form.
7	Asmah Haji Omar (1986) - Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi. Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) - Wacana adalah unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat iaitu boleh terdiri daripada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan sebagainya yang dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berturutan. Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satu satuan bahasa yang lengkap.	Asmah Haji Omar (1986) - Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication. Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) - Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, divorce, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.	Asmah Haji Omar (1986) - Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that iswhich is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication. Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) - Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, divorce, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.	Asmah Haji Omar (1986) - Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication. Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) - Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, divorce, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.
8	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) - Wacana adalah bahasa yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau penulis. Bahasa yang ditutur serta ditulis mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar atau pembaca. Stubbs (1983) - Wacana dapat dilihat melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difahami oleh pendengar dan pembaca. Brown & Yule (1983) - Wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik.	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) - Discourse is the language born of the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader. Stubbs (1983) - Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and is understood by listeners and readers. Brown & Yule (1983) - Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) - Discourse is the language that born of by the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader. Stubbs (1983) - Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has there is a meaning and is it is understood by listeners and readers. Brown & Yule (1983) - Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) - Discourse is the language that9 born by the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader. Stubbs (1983) - Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, there is a meaning and it is understood by listeners and readers. Brown & Yule (1983) - Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.
9	Halliday & Hassan (1985) - Wacana terdiri daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan atau tulisan (tidak kira panjang atau pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan. Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) - Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang dianalisis bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat. Wacana juga meliputi bahasa simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua pihak yang terlibat.	Halliday & Hassan (1985) - Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that has an overall meaning. Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) - Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of finding implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.	Halliday & Hassan (1985) - Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that has an overall meaning. Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) - Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed analysed for the purpose of finding implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.	Halliday & Hassan (1985) - Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that has an overall meaning. Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) - Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analysed for the purpose of finding implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.
10	RUMUSAN Definisi wacana dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas. Pemahaman setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah apabila seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan. Malah, akan lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan teliti.	CONCLUSION The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.	CONCLUSION The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed analysed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.throughness.	CONCLUSION The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed analysed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.throughness.

 

CHAPTER 1

DISCOURSE STUDY

Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, which is present after the sentence level.

Discourse contains a communication system between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through someone’s writing and reading. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as the situations contain that associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by someone. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, lecture, speech and conversation. In addition, discourse is also can be seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, magazines, newspapers, papers and all forms of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind either in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works.

Hawthorn (1992) put forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication that can be seen as an exchange between speaker and listener emphasize the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen from various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values and categories found in it.

Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.

Here are some definitions of discourse:

Source	Definition of Discourse
Edmonson (1981)	Discourse is a structured event manifested in the linguistic behaviour of a language or other.
Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat)	Discourse is the whole of speech which is union, lecture, speech, conversation, and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought either in oral or written form.
Asmah Haji Omar (1986)	Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, which is the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication.
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)	Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit that can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, divorce, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) - Discourse is the language that9 born by the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader.
Stubbs (1983)	Stubbs (1983) - Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, there is a meaning and it is understood by listeners and readers.
Brown & Yule (1983)	Brown & Yule (1983) - Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.
Halliday & Hassan (1985)	Halliday & Hassan (1985) - Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that has an overall meaning.
Normaliza Abd Rahim(2018b)	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) - Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analysed for the purpose of finding implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.

 

 

CONCLUSION

The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analysed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and throughness.